Understanding Dyslexia, Dyscalculia, and Dyspraxia: How to Support Neurodivergent Children in School
Introduction
Every child learns differently, but for students with neurodevelopmental differences like dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dyspraxia, school can be especially challenging and often misunderstood.
As awareness of learning differences grows, so does the importance of recognizing how these conditions affect a child’s experience in the classroom. With the right tools, understanding, and support, children with these conditions can thrive academically and emotionally.
What Is Dyslexia?
Dyslexia is a learning difference that affects a child’s ability to read, spell, and decode written words. It’s not related to intelligence but to how the brain processes language. Common signs include:
Difficulty with phonics and decoding
Trouble remembering sight words
Slow reading speed
Avoidance of reading or writing
How it affects learning:
Reading comprehension may suffer
Written assignments can take longer
Can lead to anxiety or self-esteem issues if misunderstood
What Is Dyscalculia?
Dyscalculia is sometimes called “math dyslexia.” It affects a child’s ability to understand numbers, learn math facts, and perform calculations. Common signs include:
Confusion with number sense and place value
Difficulty memorizing math facts (like multiplication tables)
Struggles with telling time, using money, or estimating
Impact in school:
Difficulty keeping up with math curriculum
Can lead to math avoidance or anxiety
Often mistaken for laziness or lack of effort
What Is Dyspraxia (Developmental Coordination Disorder)?
Dyspraxia, or DCD, affects physical coordination and fine/gross motor skills. It can also impact speech, organization, and social skills. Common signs include:
Difficulty with handwriting, using scissors, or tying shoes
Trouble with balance, posture, or catching a ball
Messy desk, poor organizational skills
Speech may be slurred or hard to understand
In school:
Struggles with physical activities (PE, sports)
May be misunderstood as clumsy or inattentive
Can affect participation in classroom tasks and play
What Supports and Accommodations Are Available?
In the U.S., children with these diagnoses may be eligible for an IEP (Individualized Education Program) or a 504 Plan under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) or Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act. Some common accommodations include:
✅ For Dyslexia:
Audiobooks or text-to-speech software
Extra time on tests and assignments
Oral assessments instead of written
Structured literacy instruction (e.g. Orton-Gillingham)
✅ For Dyscalculia:
Use of calculators or number lines
Visual aids and manipulatives
Step-by-step written instructions
Reduced math workload with more time
✅ For Dyspraxia:
Occupational therapy support
Use of computers or speech-to-text for writing
Extra time for tasks
Sensory breaks and movement accommodations
How Parents Can Support at Home
Build confidence. Celebrate effort over outcome and remind your child that their brain just works differently, not worse.
Use assistive tech. Apps like Voice Dream Reader, ModMath, or SnapType can make a huge difference.
Establish routines. Predictable schedules help with executive function challenges.
Practice self-regulation. Use sensory tools or regulation cards to help with overwhelm.
Collaborate with the school. Regular check-ins and open communication with teachers are key.
How Educators Can Support Neurodivergent Learners
Use multi-sensory teaching techniques.
Break tasks into smaller steps with clear visuals and modeling.
Create inclusive classrooms by normalizing the use of tools like fidget items, headphones, or voice typing.
Don’t assume laziness or defiance. Many children with these differences are masking their difficulties to avoid shame.
Provide movement and regulation breaks. This is essential for kids with dyspraxia or sensory needs.
Final Thoughts
Neurodivergent kids don’t need fixing — they need understanding. With the right strategies and support, children with dyslexia, dyscalculia, and dyspraxia can succeed not just academically, but socially and emotionally. By learning more and advocating for inclusive education, we can create a world where every child feels seen, safe, and supported, exactly as they are.
Want More Support?
Visit our Resources Page for free printables, toolkits, and games designed for neurodivergent kids.
